![]() ![]() For example, high loading situations such as fast-starts and turning require almost maximal myomere activation in teleost fish. There are different variations of myomere activation depending on the type of swimming or movement. Further, spinal nerves pass into each myomere. Myomeres attach to centra of vertebrae, and neural and haemal spines.įurther, myomeres of fish are divided by a horizontal septum into dorsal (epaxial) and ventral (hypaxial) sections as mentioned in previous paragraphs. ![]() In this sense, they cause flexion to either side in order to produce locomotor force. Myomeres compose most of the lateral musculature and provide propulsive force to travel along the line of travel. Specifically, myomeres are overlapping cones bound by connective tissue. The folded shape of each myomere as "V" or "W" shaped extends over various axial segments, allowing fibers control over a large amount of the body. Since myomeres are composed of multinucleated myofibers (contractile cells), force can be generated via muscle contraction that gets transmitted by the intricate connective tissue (myosepta) network. A common function shared by all of these is that they function to flex the body laterally into concavity to provide force for locomotion. Specifically, three types of myomeres in fish-like chordates include amphioxine (lancelet), cyclostomine (jawless fish), and gnathostomine (jawed fish). Dark muscle, generally, functions as slow-twitch muscle fibers while white muscle is composed of fast-twitch fibers. Myomeres are made up of myoglobin-rich dark muscle as well as white muscle. Myomeres overlap each other in succession, meaning myomere activation also allows neighboring myomeres to activate. Another species with simply-lain myomeres are mudpuppies. Contrastingly, myomeres of tetrapods run vertically and do not display complex folding. Specifically, myomeres of elasmobranchs and eels are “W”-shaped. ![]() Generally, cyclostome myomeres are arranged in vertical strips while those of jawed fishes are folded in a complex matter due to swimming capability evolution. Myomeres are commonly zig-zag, "V" (lancelets), "W" (fishes), or straight (tetrapods)– shaped muscle fibers. Fillet of iridescent shark showing the zig-zag of myomeres ![]()
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